History. From the beginning of the Muslim invasion and, above all, from the invasion of the upper Ebro basin, the first armed contacts the Basques and the Arabs began. The line of mountains that runs from near Sangüesa along the Navarrese lowlands and continues southwards through the Cantabria mountain range was the Basques' defensive bastion. The arrival of the Arabs drove the Goths away from their borders with the Basques. They took refuge in Asturias where, in time, they were to form a small monarchy. Separated from the Goths by Muslim-dominated or deserted lands, the Basque highlanders became the outposts of the Vascon duchy linked to the Aquitanians. The struggle, previously against Goths and Franks, now became a struggle against Muslims and Franks. The Arabs put pressure on and established themselves in the lands of large towns and cities, which were also the lands of the great agriculture that in our country was represented by olive trees, vines and cereals. The great mountainous area of the valleys, delimited to the south by the Sarbil, Perdón, Urbasa, Codés and Cantabria mountain ranges, remained in the hands of its natives and this is how the Asturians found it when they returned to the Basque borders in their fight against the Muslims. Just as the fight against the Goths and Franks had had an effect on the organisation of the country, giving cohesion to its power, so now the need for defence led energetic men like Eneko Arista to found a small but vigorous kingdom on the ruins of the duchy dismembered in 768 by Charlemagne. The permanent Muslim occupation of the entire plain area from Nájera to the outskirts of the Aibar valley and the vagaries of the Basque reconquest brought about a large number of changes and novelties in the customs and political-social-economic and even intellectual and aesthetic structure. Fortifications were organised, fortified or walled towns and cities, population movements, the founding of towns such as Vitoria by Sancho the Wise, Viana, Sangüesa, etc. The reconquest brought the Gascons and brought land from both banks of the Ebro to the Basque kingdom. There is no doubt that the economy of the kingdom was enriched, to a certain extent, by the fertile plains of the Navarrese Ribera and the Rioja. Basque descended from the defensive line running from Carcastillo, Tafalla and Estella towards the plains. The rayes organised the reconquered lands with more freedom than the lords of the valleys allowed them. During the occupation, agricultural techniques improved considerably, kinship ties and relationships of all kinds were established (Banu Kasis and the Navarrese royal house, Basque sultanas, etc.), as well as religious councils, clothing, medicines and a wide range of knowledge. In Basque, however, the Arabic has left almost no other trace than the word alkate "mayor". The Basques, who were part of European Christianity, began the reconquest with the support of the Gascons, but as soon as they reached the border with the Asturians, the old Gothic struggle resumed. The Alaveses were the first to suffer the clash. Nothing else is known about these times other than the successive Basque (Alavic) rebellions against the Asturians and the Muslim aceifas.